Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Digital transformation has emerged as a critical driver of organizational competitiveness in today’s dynamic and technology-driven environment. While much of the discourse emphasizes the importance of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and data analytics, the true enabler of sustainable transformation lies in human investment. This article explores the interconnected roles of education, culture of change, and human capital in ensuring the long-term success of digital transformation initiatives. Education represents the cornerstone of this process, as it equips individuals with digital literacy, technical competencies, and adaptive skills necessary to navigate continuous disruptions. Reskilling and upskilling initiatives not only address the skills gap but, also empower employees to innovate and contribute to organizational growth. Equally important is cultivating a culture of change within organizations. Transformation requires more than new tools it demands an organizational mindset that embraces innovation, agility, collaboration, and tolerance for experimentation.A supportive culture fosters engagement, motivation, and resilience among employees, ensuring that digital strategies are implemented effectively. Furthermore, the relationship between return on investment (ROI) and human capital highlights the need to rethink traditional performance measures. Rather than limiting ROI to short-term financial metrics, organizations should adopt human-centric approaches that evaluate productivity, innovation, employee satisfaction, and long-term adaptability. Human capital development thus becomes both a strategic investment and a source of sustainable competitive advantage. By integrating education, cultural adaptability, and human capital ROI into a unified strategy, organizations can move beyond surface-level technological adoption to achieve holistic and enduring digital transformation. This human-centered perspective underscores that while technology provides the tools, it is people who ultimately drive meaningful change.

Abstract Economic sanctions are an increasingly central instrument of statecraft. Their proliferation since the early 2000s — and particularly after 2014 and 2022 in response to high-profile geopolitical events — has created complex tensions between public international law, domestic sanctions regimes, and the private-law regime of international arbitration. This article analyzes how sanctions shape (1) the jurisdictional and arbitrability questions tribunals face, (2) procedural conduct and due process in arbitration, and (3) the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in domestic courts. First, the paper maps the legal architecture: the New York Convention, ICSID framework, UNCITRAL rules, domestic sanctions regimes (notably U.S. OFAC and EU restrictive measures) and counter-measures such as EU blocking statutes. Second, it examines doctrinal fault lines — choice of law, public policy defenses, supervening impossibility/frustration, and state immunity — and how tribunals and courts have addressed them. Third, it surveys practical impediments: asset freezes that render awards effectively unenforceable, restrictions on counsel/arbitrators caused by sanctions, seat selection and institutional compliance, and the chilling effect on dispute settlement. The analysis integrates recent scholarship and institutional guidance to show that (a) sanctions often convert solvable contractual disputes into multi-jurisdictional legal puzzles; (b) tribunals retain procedural and substantive tools to manage sanctions-related disputes but their remedies are uneven; and (c) enforcement of awards is increasingly contestable where sanctions and sovereign immunity intersect. The paper concludes with recommendations: refined drafting (sanctions clauses, payment/escrow mechanisms), tribunal powers to order interim relief cognizant of sanctions law, coordinated institutional guidance, and diplomatic-legal responses (blocking statutes, targeted licenses) to protect the effectiveness of international arbitration without undermining legitimate sanctions policy.

Abstract Sports injuries remain a major concern in both professional and recreational athletics, leading to significant physical, psychological, and economic consequences. Recent advances in biomechanics have provided a powerful framework for analyzing movement patterns, loading mechanisms, and tissue responses associated with sports-related injuries. This paper explores how biomechanical data analysis contributes to the understanding and prevention of sports injuries. Using motion capture systems, force plates, electromyography, and wearable sensors, researchers can quantify kinematic and kinetic variables that reveal underlying risk factors such as improper joint alignment, asymmetrical loading, or excessive repetitive forces. By integrating these biomechanical indicators with machine learning algorithms, predictive models can be developed to identify athletes at higher risk before injury occurs. The paper further reviews intervention strategies, including neuromuscular training, equipment design modifications, and individualized biomechanical feedback systems. Case studies from sports such as soccer, running, and basketball demonstrate how biomechanical insights have successfully reduced injury rates through targeted prevention programs. Ultimately, the synthesis of biomechanical data with modern computational tools represents a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive injury management. This approach not only enhances athletic performance but also promotes long-term musculoskeletal health. The findings underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between biomechanists, sports scientists, medical professionals, and data analysts to create comprehensive injury-prevention ecosystems supported by empirical evidence.

Abstract This article examines the principal legal, constitutional and practical obstacles to recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the twin concepts of public order (ordre public) and national sovereignty. Iran’s accession to the 1958 New York Convention in 2001 and the enactment of domestic arbitration legislation modelled on the UNCITRAL Model Law have, in principle, created a framework conducive to enforcement; however, constitutional constraints, state practice and policy considerations repeatedly complicate implementation. Central among obstacles is Article 139 of the Iranian Constitution, which conditions referral or settlement of disputes concerning public or state property to the approval of the Council of Ministers and—where foreigners are parties—to parliamentary notification or approval, thereby limiting the arbitrability and enforceability of awards touching on public/state assets. Courts applying the public-order exception under the New York Convention and domestic procedural rules have at times invoked Article 139 or broad public policy concerns to deny recognition or to delay enforcement; recent jurisprudence from Iran’s Supreme Court (2024) evidences incremental clarification but does not eliminate uncertainty. Other enforcement hurdles include ambiguities in statutory definitions (e.g., what counts as “international” or “public” property), procedural barriers (jurisdictional review, limited discovery, availability of interim measures), state immunity claims, and the impact of extrajudicial factors such as international sanctions and political relations. The article analyses doctrinal debates, major statutory provisions, representative case law and evolving administrative practice, and proposes targeted reforms—statutory clarifications, issuance of implementing regulations, internal approval protocols for Article 139 matters, judicial training, and treaty-level initiatives—to reconcile Iran’s commitment to arbitral enforcement with legitimate public-order and sovereignty concerns while improving predictability for foreign investors and creditors.

Abstract Understanding the biomechanical characteristics of running gait patterns is essential for optimizing performance and minimizing injury risk among long-distance runners. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between foot strike type—classified as rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot strike—and both injury prevalence and running efficiency. A total of 60 trained long-distance runners (30 male, 30 female) were examined using 3D motion capture and ground reaction force analysis during standardized treadmill running sessions. Kinematic and kinetic parameters, including stride length, contact time, loading rate, and vertical stiffness, were compared across foot strike patterns. Statistical analysis revealed that rearfoot strikers exhibited higher vertical impact forces and greater incidence of overuse injuries, particularly in the knee and hip regions, whereas forefoot strikers demonstrated reduced impact loading but increased calf and Achilles tendon stress. Midfoot strikers showed the most balanced biomechanical profile, with moderate impact forces and optimal running economy. The findings suggest that individualized gait assessment and training interventions tailored to foot strike patterns can enhance performance efficiency while reducing injury risk in long-distance runners.

Abstract Financial transparency and auditing are critical mechanisms for improving the efficiency and integrity of municipal financial management. In recent decades, the role of local governments in providing public services has expanded, making effective oversight and accountability increasingly essential. This study explores how financial transparency and systematic auditing practices influence municipal performance, focusing on their capacity to reduce corruption and enhance operational efficiency. By conducting an analytical review of literature from various international contexts, this research highlights patterns and correlations between transparent financial reporting, rigorous auditing processes, and improved municipal outcomes. The findings indicate that municipalities that adopt comprehensive transparency policies, such as public disclosure of budgets, expenditures, and procurement processes, are more likely to demonstrate accountable governance and reduced incidences of financial mismanagement. Similarly, the implementation of independent and consistent auditing practices reinforces internal controls, deters fraudulent activities, and fosters public trust. The study also examines challenges, including political interference, resource constraints, and varying legal frameworks, which may hinder the effectiveness of transparency and auditing measures. By integrating empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives, this research underscores that the synergy of transparency and auditing not only enhances operational efficiency but also acts as a critical deterrent against corruption in municipal finance. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for municipal authorities to strengthen financial oversight mechanisms, improve reporting standards, and institutionalize audit practices, ultimately contributing to sustainable urban governance. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers, municipal administrators, and researchers interested in promoting accountable and efficient local government financial management.